Server System

Server (computing)
















In computing, a server is any combination of hardware or software designed to provide services to clients. When used alone, the term typically refers to a computer which may be running a server operating system, but is also used to refer to any software or dedicated hardware capable of providing services.

operating systems for servers
Some popular operating systems for servers — such as FreeBSD, Solaris and Linux — are derived from or are similar to UNIX. UNIX was originally a minicomputer operating system, and as servers gradually replaced traditional minicomputers, UNIX was a logical and efficient choice of operating system for the UNIX-based operating systems, many of which are free in both senses, are popular.

Server-oriented operating systems tend to have certain features in common that make them more suitable for the server environment, such as

* GUI not available or optional
* ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without
restart,
* advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data,
* transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices,
* flexible and advanced networking capabilities,
* automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows, and
* tight system security, with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.

Server-oriented operating systems can in many cases interact with hardware sensors to detect conditions such as overheating, processor and disk failure, and consequently alert an operator and/or take remedial measures itself.

Because servers must supply a restricted range of services to perhaps many users while a desktop computer must carry out a wide range of functions required by its user, the requirements of an operating system for a server are different from those of a desktop machine. While it is possible for an operating system to make a machine both provide services and respond quickly to the requirements of a user, it is usual to use different operating systems on servers and desktop machines. Some operating systems are supplied in both server and desktop versions with similar user interface.

The desktop versions of the Windows and Mac OS X operating systems are deployed on a minority of servers, as are some proprietary mainframe operating systems, such as z/OS. The dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX-based and open source kernel distributions.[citation needed]

The rise of the microprocessor-based server was facilitated by the development of Unix to run on the x86 microprocessor architecture. The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems also runs on x86 hardware, and since Windows NT have been available in versions suitable for server use.

While the role of server and desktop operating systems remains distinct, improvements in the reliability of both hardware and operating systems have blurred the distinction between the two classes. Today, many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases, differing mostly in configuration. The shift towards web applications and middleware platforms has also lessened the demand for specialist application servers.

Some Internet servers

Among the many services provided by Internet servers are:

* World Wide Web
* Domain Name System
* e-mail
* FTP file transfer
* chat and instant messaging
* voice communication
* streaming audio and video
* Online gaming

Microprocessor and computer

Microprocessor


A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.




Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
# Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
# bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
# clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.

In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.

In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer).

History of Microprocessor

The Processor (microprocessor) is the component hardware as known to a computer. This is the unit of information processing. In itself it is unable to perform an action, whatever. His work was limited to reading programs (sequences of instructions in assembly language) to decode and execute. It takes no action, simply run "stupidly" what is asked. This is the program, conditional statements, which is responsible for "intelligence" of computers. To his advantage, he performs these tasks without error and quickly. For an introduction to electronic circuits based microprocessor

The first microprocessor appeared in 1972 with the 4004 Intel, for a Japanese manufacturer of computing machine. It refuses to size (dimension) excessive. Intel puts then on the market without conviction but with the success that we know. The 80s saw the emergence of these circuits with Zylog Z80 (compatible with standard instructions with the 8080), 6800 Motorola (including the following have been used also by the MAC), the 6500... With the arrival of XT IBM and the use of 8088 (8086 for PC compatible), Intel became the first manufacturer market late 80s.

The processor family Intel compatible have evolved. Before considering all the hocus that designers of microprocessors currently use to improve performance (structure of microprocessors), A little history of models used in PCs and their characteristics.


Some of Microprocessors











1.088 and 8086
2. 286
3. 386
4. 486
5. Pentium
6. Pentium MMX, K6-2 and K6-3
7. Pentium II - Pentium III and Celeron
8. Pentium III Coppermine
9 . AMD Athlon, Duron and Thunderbird
10. Pentium IV
11. Pentium 4 EE
12. Sempron
13 Microprocessors 64-bit
14. Athlon 64-bit AMD
15. Intel Core, Core 2 and Core 2 Duo
16. Intel I7 - 18. Intel I5

Introduction To Computers



One of the biggest innovations of science is the computer. It is machine that is used for the storage, retrieval and the manipulation of the data. Although the human mind is very sharp but it is not able to store much data in its memory. Therefore, computers are widely used and serve the same purpose as brain. The difference is that the computers can save thousands times more data than a brain can store. The invention of the computer was many years back from now but today the modernized computers are the Compaq computers. At that time the computers were very huge. The first computer that has the much resemblance with the today’s modernized computer was invented in early 1940s. However, before that people had the concepts about the computers.

The ancient computers were very he and one room was needed to make computers. Today there are hundreds of computers that are used at the homes and at various places as the personal computers. There will be very few houses where the computer may not be present in the Western world.